The Protevangelion

The Protevangelion is traditionally ascribed to St. James the Brother of God. The contents of the book are consistent with the traditions of the Orthodox Eastern Church, but the Western Churches in general have not accepted these traditions. In the Roman Church, a legend grew up that St. Joseph was, like the Most Holy Theotokos, a life-long virgin, so the portrayal of him here as a widower with children was not accepted. The Protestant Churches do not believe in the perpetual virginity of the Most Holy Theotokos, and prefer to view the brothers and sisters of the Lord as the biological children of St. Joseph and the Theotokos, rather than — as presented here — the children of St. Joseph by a previous wife. Allusions to the Protevangelion, or at least to the traditions it records, are numerous in the writings of the Holy Fathers. The Protevangelion is not part of the Holy Scriptures.
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CHAPTER ONE
In the history of the twelve tribes of Israel we read there was a certain person called Joachim, who being very rich, made double offerings to the Lord God, having made this resolution: “My substance shall be for the benefit of the whole people, and that I may find mercy from the Lord God for the forgiveness of my sins.” 2 But at a certain great feast of the Lord, when the children of Israel offered their gifts, and Joachim also offered his, Reuben the high priest opposed him, saying, “It is not lawful for you to offer your gifts, seeing you have not begotten any issue in Israel.” 3 At this Joachim, being concerned very much, went away to consult the registries of the twelve tribes, to see whether he was the only person who had begotten no issue. 4 But upon inquiry he found that all the righteous had raised up seed in Israel: 5 Then he called to mind the patriarch Abraham, how God in the end of his life had given him his son Isaac; and upon this he was exceedingly distressed, and would not be seen by his wife, 6 but retired into the wilderness, and fixed his tent there, and fasted forty days and forty nights, saying to himself, “I will not go down either to eat or drink, till the Lord my God shall look down upon me, but prayer shall be my meat and drink.”

CHAPTER TWO
In the meantime his wife Anna was distressed and perplexed on a double account, and said, “I will mourn both for my widowhood and my barrenness.” 2 Then drew near a great feast of the Lord, and Judith her maid said, “How long will you thus afflict your soul? The feast of the Lord is now come, when it is unlawful for anyone to mourn. 3 Take therefore this hood which was given by one who makes such things, for it is not fit that I, who am a servant, should wear it, but it well suits a person of your greater character.” 4 But Anna replied, “Depart from me, I am not used to such things; besides, the Lord has greatly humbled me. 5 I fear some ill-designing person has given you this, and you have come to pollute me with my sin.” 6 Then Judith her maid answered, “What evil shall I wish you when you will not hearken to me? 7 I cannot wish you a greater curse than you are under, in that God has shut up your womb, that you should not be a mother in Israel.” 8 At this Anna was exceedingly troubled, and having on her wedding garment, went about the ninth hour to walk in her garden. 9 And she saw a laurel tree, and sat under it, and prayed to the Lord, saying, 10 “O God of my fathers, bless me and regard my prayer as you did bless the womb of Sarah, and gave her a son, Isaac.”

CHAPTER THREE
And as she was looking towards heaven she perceived a sparrow’s nest in the laurel, 2 and mourning within herself, she said, “Woe is me! Who begot me? And what womb did bear me, that I should be thus accursed before the children of Israel, and that they should reproach and deride me in the temple of my God? Woe is me! To what can I be compared? 3I am not comparable to the very beasts of the earth, for even the beasts of the earth are fruitful before You, O Lord! Woe is me! To what can I be compared? 4 I am not comparable to the brute animals, for even the brute animals are fruitful before You, O Lord! Woe is me! To what am I comparable5 I cannot be compared to these waters, for even the waters are fruitful before You, O Lord! Woe is me! to what can I be compared? 6 I am not comparable to the waves of the sea; for these, whether they are calm or in motion, with the fishes which are in them, praise You, O Lord! Woe is me! To what can I be compared? 7I am not comparable to the very earth, for the earth produces its fruits, and praises You, O Lord!”

CHAPTER FOUR
Then an angel of the Lord stood by her and said, “Anna, Anna, the Lord has heard your prayer. You shall conceive and bring forth, and your progeny shall be spoken of in all the world.” 2 And Anna answered, “As the Lord my God lives, whatever I bring forth, whether it is male or female, I will devote it to the Lord my God, and it shall minister to Him in holy things, during its whole life.” 3 And behold, there appeared two angels, saying to her, “Behold, Joachim you husband is coming with his shepherds. 4 For an angel of the Lord has also come down to him, and said, ‘The Lord God has heard your prayer; make haste and go from here, for behold, Anna your wife shall conceive.'” 5 (And Joachim went down and called his shepherds, saying, “Bring me hither ten she-lambs without spot or blemish, and they shall be for the Lord my God. 6 And bring me twelve calves without blemish, and the twelve calves shall be for the priests and the elders. 7 Bring me also a hundred goats, and the hundred goats shall be for the whole people.”) 8 And Joachim went down with the shepherds, and Anna stood by the gate and saw Joachim coming with the shepherds. 9 And she ran and, hanging about his neck, said, “Now I know that the Lord has greatly blessed me; 10 for behold, I who was a widow am no longer a widow, and I who was barren shall conceive.”

CHAPTER FIVE
And Joachim abode the first day in his house, but on the morrow he brought his offerings and said, 2 “If the Lord is propitious to me, let the plate which is on the priest’s forehead make it manifest.” 3 And he consulted the plate which the priest wore, and saw it, and behold, sin was not found in him. 4 And Joachim said, “Now I know that the Lord is propitious to me, and has taken away all my sins.” 5 And he went down from the temple of the Lord justified, and he went to his own house. 6 And when nine months were fulfilled to Anna, she brought forth, and said to the midwife, “What have I brought forth?” 7 And she told her, “A girl.” 8 Then Anna said, “The Lord has this day magnified my soul.” And she lay in her bed. 9 And when the days of her purification were accomplished, she gave suck to the child, and called her name Mary.

CHAPTER SIX
And the child increased in strength every day, so that when she was nine months old, her mother put her upon the ground to try if she could stand, and when she had walked nine steps, she came again to her mother’s lap. 2 then her mother caught her up, and said, “As the Lord my God lives, you shall not walk again on the earth till I bring you into the temple of the Lord.” 3 Accordingly she made her chamber a holy place, and allowed nothing uncommon or unclean to come near her, but invited certain undefiled daughters of Israel, and they drew her aside. 4 But when the child was a year old, Joachim made a great feast, and invited the priests, scribes, elders, and all the people of Israel. 5 And Joachim then made an offering of the girl to the chief priests, and they blessed her, saying, “The God of our fathers bless this girl, and give her a name famous and lasting through all generations.” And all the people replied, “So be it. Amen.” 6 Then Joachim a second time offered her to the priests, and they blessed her, saying, “O Most HighGod, regard this girl and bless her with an everlasting blessing.” 7 Upon this, her mother took her up and gave her the breast and sung the following song to the Lord: 8 I will sing a new song to the Lord, my God, for He has visited me, and taken away from me the reproach of my enemies, and has given me the fruit of His righteousness, that it may now be told the sons of Reuben, that Anna gives suck.” 9 Then she put the child to rest in the room which she had consecrated, and she went out and served them. 10 And when the feast was ended, they went away rejoicing and praising the God of Israel.

CHAPTER SEVEN
But the child grew, and when she was two years old, Joachim said to Anna, “Let us lead her to the temple of the Lord, that we may perform our vow, which we have vowed to the Lord God, lest He should be angry with us, and our offering be unacceptable.” 2 But Anna said, “Let us wait the third year, lest she should be at a loss to know her father.” And Joachim said, “Let us then wait.” 3 And when the child was three years old, Joachim said, “Let us invite the daughters of the Hebrews, who are undefiled, and let them take each a lamp, and let them be lighted, that the child may not turn back again, and her mind be set against the temple of the Lord.” 4 And they did thus till they ascended into the temple of the Lord. And the high priest received her, and blessed her, and said, “Mary, the Lord God has magnified your name to all generations. And to the very end of time, the Lord by you will show his redemption to the children of Israel.” 5 And he placed her on the third step of the altar, and the Lord gave to her grace, and she danced with her feet, and all the house of Israel loved her.

CHAPTER EIGHT
And her parents went away filled with wonder, and praising God, because the girl did not return back to them. 2 But Mary continued in the temple as a dove educated there, and received her food from the hand of an angel. 3 And when she was twelve years of age, the priests met in a council, and said, “Behold, Mary is twelve years of age. What shall we do with her, for fear lest the holy place of the Lord our God should be defiled?” 4 Then the priests replied to Zachary the high priest, “Stand at the altar of the Lord, and enter into the holy place, and make petitions concerning her, and whatever the Lord shall manifest to you, do that.” 5 Then the high priest entered into the Holy of Holies and, taking away with him the breastplate of judgment, made prayers concerning her. 6 And behold, an angel of the Lord came to him and said, “Zachary, Zachary, go forth and call together all the widowers among the people, and let every one of them bring his rod, and he by whom the Lord shall show a sign shall be the husband of Mary.” 7 And the criers went out throughout all Judaea, and the trumpet of the Lord sounded, and all the people ran and met together.

8 Joseph also, throwing away the hatchet, went out to meet them, and when they were met, they went to the high priest, taking every man his rod. 9 After the high priest had received their rods, he went into the temple to pray. 10 And when he had finished his prayer, he took the rods, and went forth and distributed them, and there was no miracle attending them. 11 The last rod was taken by Joseph, and behold, a dove proceeded out of the rod, and flew upon the head of Joseph. 12 And the high priest said, “Joseph, you are the person chosen to take the Virgin of the Lord, to keep her for him.” 13 But Joseph refused, saying, “I am an old man, and have children, but she is young, and I fear lest I should appear ridiculous in Israel.” 14 then the high priest replied, “Joseph, fear the Lord your God, and remember how God dealt with Dathan, Korah, and Abiram, how the earth opened and swallowed them up, because of their contradiction. 15Now therefore, Joseph, fear God, lest the like things should happen in your family.” 16 Joseph then, being afraid, took her to his house, and Joseph said to Mary, “Behold, I have taken you from the temple of the Lord, and now I will leave you in my house. I must go to mind my trade of building. The Lord be with you.”

CHAPTER NINE
And it came to pass, in a council of priests, that it was said, “Let us make a new veil for the temple.” 2 And the high priest said, “Call together to me seven undefiled virgins of the tribe of David.” 3 And the servants went and brought them into the temple of the Lord, and the high priest said to them, “Cast lots before me now, who of you shall spin the gold thread, who the blue, who the scarlet,, who the fine linen, and who the true purple.” 4 then the high priest knew Mary, that she was of the tribe of David, and he called her, and the true purple fell to her lot to spin, and she went away to her own home. 5 But from that time Zachary the high priest became dumb, and Samuel was placed in his stead till Zachary spoke again. 6 But Mary took the true purple, and spun it.

7 And she took a pot, and went out to draw water, and heard a voice saying to her, “Hail, you who are full of grace, the Lord is with you. You are blessed among women.” 8 And she looked around to the right and to the left to see from where the voice came, and then, trembling, went into her house, and laying down the water-pot she took the purple, and sat down in her seat to work it. 9 And behold, the angel of the Lord stood by her, and said, “Fear not, Mary, for you have found favor in the sight of God.” 10 When she heard it, she reasoned within herself what that sort of greeting meant. 11 And the angel said to her, “The Lord is with you, and you shall conceive,” 12 to which she replied, “What! Shall I conceive by the living God, and bring forth as all other women do?” 13 But the angel replied, “Not so, Mary, but the Holy Spirit shall come upon you, and the power of the Most High shall overshadow you; 14 therefore, that which shall be born of you shall be holy, and shall be called the Son of the Living God, and you shall call his name Jesus, for He shall save His people from their sins. 15 And behold, your cousin Elizabeth, she also has conceived a son in her old age, 16 and this is now the sixth month with her, who was called barren, for nothing is impossible with God.” 17 And Mary said, “Behold the handmaid of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.”

18 And when she had wrought her purple, she carried it to the high priest, and the high priest blessed her, saying, “Mary, the Lord God has magnified your name, and you shall be blessed in all the ages of the world.” 19 Then Mary, filled with joy, went away to her cousin Elizabeth, and knocked at the door. 20 When Elizabeth heard it, she ran and opened to her, and blessed her, and said, “How is this come to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? 21 For lo! as soon as the voice of your greeting reached my ears, that which is in me leaped, and blessed you.” 22 But Mary, being ignorant of all those mysterious things which the archangel Gabriel had spoken to her, lifted up her eyes to heaven, and said, “Lord! What am I, that all the generations of the earth should call me blessed?” 23 But perceiving herself daily to grow big, and being afraid, she went home, and hid herself from the children of Israel. And she was sixteen years old when all these things happened.

CHAPTER TEN
And when her sixth month was come, Joseph returned from his building houses abroad, which was his trade, and entering into the house, found the Virgin grown big. 2 Then, smiting upon his face, he said, “With what face can I look up to the Lord my God? Or what shall I say concerning this young woman? 3 For I received her a Virgin from the temple of the Lord my God, and have not preserved her such! Who has thus deceived me? 4 Who has committed this evil in my house and, seducing the Virgin from me, has defiled her? 5 Is not the history of Adam exactly accomplished in me? 6 For in the very instant of his glory, the serpent came and found Eve alone, and seduced her. 7 Just after the same manner it has happened to me.” 8 Then Joseph, arising from the ground, called her and said, “O you who have been so much favored by God, why have you done this? 9 Why have you thus debased your soul, who were educated in the Holy of Holies, and received your food from the hand of angels?” 10 But she, with a flood of tears, replied, “I am innocent, and have known no man.” 11 Then said Joseph, “How does it come to pass that you are with child?” 12 Mary answered, “As the Lord my God lives, I do not know by what means.”

13Then Joseph was exceedingly afraid, and went away from her, considering what he should do with her. And thus he reasoned with himself: 14 “If I conceal her crime, I shall be found guilty by the law of the Lord; 15 and if I reveal her to the children of Israel, I fear lest — she being with child by an angel — I shall be found to betray the life of an innocent person. 16 What, therefore, shall I do? I will privately dismiss her.” 17 Then the night was come upon him, when behold an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, and said, 18 “Do not be afraid to take that young woman, for That which is within her is of the Holy Spirit, 19 and she shall bring forth a Son, and you shall call His name Jesus, for He shall save His people from their sins. 20 Then Joseph arose from his sleep, and glorified the God of Israel, who had shown him such favor, and preserved the Virgin.

CHAPTER ELEVEN
Then came Annas the scribe, and said to Joseph, “Why have we not seen you since your return?” 2 And Joseph replied, “Because I was weary after my journey, and rested the first day.” 3 But Annas, turning about, perceived the Virgin big with child. 4 And he went away to the priest and told him, “Joseph in whom you placed so much confidence is guilty of a notorious crime, in that he has defiled the Birgin whom he received out of the temple of the Lord, and has privately married her, not revealing it to the children of Israel.” 5 Then said the priest, “Has Joseph done this?” 6 Annas replied, “If you send any of your servants, you will find that she is with child.” 7 And the servants went, and found it as he said. 8 Upon this, both she and Joseph were brought to their trial, and the priest said to her, “Mary, what have you done? 9 Why have you debased your soul, and forgotten your God, seeing you were brought up in the Holy of Holies, and received your food from the hands of angels, and heard their songs? 10 Why have you done this?” 11 To which, with a flood of tears, she answered, “As the Lord my God lives, I am innocent in His sight, seeing I know no man.” 12 Then the priest said to Joseph, “Why have you done this?” 13 And Joseph answered, “As the Lord my God lives, I have not been concerned with her.” 14 But the priest said, “Do not lie, but declare the truth. You have privately married her, and not revealed it to the children of Israel, and humbled yourself under the Mighty Hand, that your seed might be blessed.” 15 And Joseph was silent. 16 Then said the priest, “You must restore to the temple of the Lord the Virgin whom you took from there.” 17 But he wept bitterly. And the priest added, “I will cause you both to drink the water of the Lord, which is for trial, and so your iniquity shall be laid open before you.” 18 Then the priest took the water, and made Joseph drink, and sent him to a mountainous place. 19 And he returned perfectly well, and all the people marveled that his guilt was not revealed. 20 So the priest said, “Since the Lord has not made your sins evident, neither do I condemn you.” 21 So he sent them away. 22 Then Joseph took Mary, and went to his house, rejoicing and praising the God of Israel.

CHAPTER TWELVE
And it came to pass that there went forth a decree from the Emperor Augustus, that all the Jews should be taxed, who were of Bethlehem in Judaea. 2 And Joseph said, “I will take care that my children are taxed, but what shall I do with this young woman? 3 To have her taxed as my wife I am ashamed, and if I tax her as my daughter, all Israel knows she is not my daughter. 4 When the time of the Lord’s appointment shall come, let Him do as seems good to Him.” 5 And he saddled the ass, and put her upon it, and Joseph and Simon followed after her, and came near Bethlehem, within three miles. 6 Then Joseph, turning about, saw Mary sorrowful, and said within himself, “Perhaps she is in pain through That which is within her.” 7 But when he turned about again, he saw her laughing, and said to her, 8 “Mary, how does it happen that I sometimes see sorrow and sometimes laughter and joy in your face?” 9 And Mary replied to him, “I see two people with my eyes, the one weeping and mourning, the other laughing and rejoicing.” 10 And he went again across the way, and Mary said to Joseph, “Take me down from the ass, for That which is in me presses to come forth.” 11 But Joseph replied, “Where shall I take you? For the place is desolate.” 12 Then Mary said again to Joseph, “Take me down, for That which is within me mightily presses me.” 13 And Joseph took her down. 14 And he found a cave there, and led her into it.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
And leaving her and his sons in the cave, Joseph went forth to seek a Hebrew midwife in the village of Bethlehem. 2 “But as I was going,” said Joseph, I looked up into the air, and I saw the clouds astonished, and the fowls of the air stopping in the midst of their flight. 3 And I looked down towards the earth, and saw a table spread, and working people sitting around it, but their hands were upon the table, and they did not move to eat. 4 They who had meat in their mouths did not eat. 5 They who lifted their hands up to their heads did not draw them back, 6 and they who lifted them up to their mouths did not put anything in, 7 but all their faces were fixed upwards. 8 And I beheld the sheep dispersed, and yet the sheep stood still. 9 And the shepherd lifted up his hand to smite them, and his hand continued up. 10 And I looked to a river, and saw the kids with their mouths close to the water, and touching it, but they did not drink.”

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
“Then I beheld a woman coming down from the mountains, and she said, ‘Where are you going, O man?’ 2 And I said to her, ‘I go to inquire for a Hebrew midwife.’ 3 She replied to me, ‘Where is the woman who is to be delivered?’ 4 And I answered, ‘In the cave, and she is betrothed to me.'” 5 Then said the midwife, “Is she not your wife?” 6 Joseph answered, “It is Mary, who was educated in the Holy of Holies, in the house of the Lord, and she fell to my lot, and is not my wife, but has conceived by the Holy Spirit.” 7 The midwife said, “Is this true?” 8 He answered, “Come and see.” 9 And the midwife went along with him, and stood in the cave. 10 Then a bright cloud overshadowed the cave, and the midwife said, “This day my soul is magnified, for my eyes have seen surprising things, and salvation is brought forth to Israel.” 11 But of a sudden the cloud became a great light in the cave, so that their eyes could not bear it. 12 But the light gradually decreased, until the infant appeared, and sucked the breast of his mother Mary. 13 Then the midwife cried out, and said, “How glorious a day is this, wherein my eyes have seen this extraordinary sight! 14 And the midwife went out from the cave, and Salome met her. 15 And the midwife said to her, “Salome, Salome, I will tell you a most surprising thing, which I saw. 16 A virgin has brought forth, which is a thing contrary to nature.” 17 To which Salome replied, “As the Lord my God lives, unless I receive particular proof of this matter, I will not believe that a virgin has brought forth.”

18 Then Salome went in, and the midwife said, “Mary, show yourself, for a great controversy has arisen about you.” 19 And Salome tested her with her finger. 20 But her hand was withered, and she groaned bitterly, 21 and said, “Woe to me, because of my iniquity! For I have tempted the living God, and my hand is ready to drop off.” 22 Then Salome made her supplication to the Lord, and said, “O God of my fathers, remember me, for I am of the seed of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob. 23 Make me not a reproach among the children of Israel, but restore me sound to my parents. 24 For You well know, O Lord, that I have performed many works of charity in Your name, and have received my reward from You.” 25 Upon this an angel of the Lord stood by Salome and said, “The Lord God has heard your prayer; reach forth your hand to the Child, and carry Him, and by that means you shall be restored.” 26 Salome, filled with exceeding joy, went to the child, and said, “I will touch Him.” 27 And she purposed to worship Him, for she said, “This is a great King who is born in Israel.” 28 And straightway Salome was cured. 29 Then the midwife went out of the cave, being approved by God. 30 And lo! a voice came to Salome, “Declare not the strange things which you have seen, till the Child shall come to Jerusalem.” So Salome also departed, approved by God.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Then Joseph was preparing to go away, because there arose a great disorder in Bethlehem by the coming of some wise men from the east, 2 who said, “Where is the king of the Jews born? For we have seen his star in the east, and have come to worship him.” 3 When Herod heard this, he was exceedingly troubled, and sent messengers to the wise men, and to the priests, and inquired of his officials, 4 and said to them, “Where do you have it written concerning Christ the King, or where should He be born?” 5 Then they say to him, “In Bethlehem of Judaea, for so it is written: ‘And you, Bethlehem in the land of Judah, are not the least among the princes of Judah, for out of you shall come a Ruler who shall rule my people Israel.'” 6 And having sent away the chief priests, he inquired of the wise men, and said to them, “What sign was it you saw, concerning the King who is born?” 7 They answered him, “We saw an extraordinarily large star shining among the stars of heaven, and so outshining all the other stars that they became invisible, and we knew thereby that a great King was born in Israel, and therefore we have come to worship him.” 8 Then Herod said to them, “Go and make diligent inquiry, and if you find the Child, bring me word again, that I may come and worship Him also.” 9 So the wise men went forth, and behold, the star which they saw in the east went before them, till it came and stood over the cave where the young Child was with Mary His mother. 10 Then they brought forth out of their treasures, and offered to Him gold and frankincense, and myrrh. 11 And being warned in a dream by an angel that they should not return to Herod through Judaea, they departed into their own country by another way.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Then Herod, perceiving that he was being mocked by the wise men, and being very angry, commanded certain men to go and to kill all the children who were in Bethlehem, from two years old and under. 2 But Mary, hearing that the children were to be killed, being under much fear, took the Child, and wrapped Him up in swaddling clothes, and laid Him in an ox-manger, because there was no roiom for them in the inn. 3 Elizabeth also, hearing that her son John was about to be searched for, took him and went up into the mountains, and looked around for a place to hide him; 4 and there was no place to be found. 5 Then she groaned within herself, and said, “O mountain of the Lord, receive the mother with the child.” 6 For Elizabeth could not climb up. 7 And instantly the mountain was divided and received them. 8 And there appeared to them an angel of the Lord, to preserve them.

9 But Herod made search after John, and sent servants to Zachary, when he was at the altar, and said to him, “Where have you hidden your son?” 10 He replied to them, “I am a servant of God, and a servant at the altar; how should I know where my son is?” 11 So the servants went back, and told Herod everything, at which he was incensed, and said, “Is ot this son of his likely to be king in Israel?” 12 Therefore he sent his servants again to Zachary, saying, “Tell us the truth, where is your son? For you know that your life is in my hand.” 13 So the servants went and told him all this. 14 But Zachary replied to them, “I am a martyr for God, and if he shed my blood, the Lord will receive my soul. 15 Besides, know that you shed innocent blood.” 16 However, Zachary was murdered at the entrance of the temple and altar, and about the partition. 17 But the children of Israel knew not when he was killed.

18 Then at the hour of salutation the priests went into the temple, but Zachary did not, according to custom, meet them and bless them, 19 But still they continued waiting for him to salute them. 20 And when they found he did not come in a long time, one of them ventured into the holy place where the altar was, and he saw blood lying upon the ground, congealed. 21 Then, behold, a voice from heaven said, “Zachary is murdered, and his blood shall not be wiped away, until the avenger of his blood comes.” 22 And when he heard this, he was afraid, and went forth and told the priests what he had seen and heard. And they all went in, and saw the fact. 23 Then the roofs of the temple howled, and were rent from the top to the bottom, 24 and they could not find the body, but only blood made hard like stone. 25 And they went away, and told the people that Zachary was murdered, and all the tribes of Israel heard of it, and mourned for him, and lamented three days. 26 Then the priests took counsel together concerning a person to succeed him. 27 And Simeon and the other priests cast lots, and the lot fell upon Simeon. 28 For he had been assured by the Holy Spirit, that he should not die, till he had seen Christ come in the flesh.

I, James, wrote this history in Jerusalem. And when the disturbance was, I retired into a desert place until the death of Herod. And the disturbances ceased at Jerusalem. That which remains is, that I glorify God that He has given me such wisdom to write to you who are spiritual, and who love God, to whom be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
Note: The manuscripts of the Protevangelion give various ages for the Most Holy Virgin, ranging from twelve to seventeen. The translation of which this is a revision gives fourteen, but the oldest manuscripts, and the greatest number, give sixteen. (Click here to return to the text.)
Note: The water of the Lord. See Numbers 5.11-28: “11 And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, 12 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say to them, If any man’s wife trespass against him, 13 And a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, and she be defiled, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken with the manner; 14 And the spirit of jealousy be come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled: 15 Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, to bring iniquity to remembrance. 16 And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the Lord: 17 And the priest shall take the holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and put it into the water: 18 And the priest shall set the woman before the Lord, and uncover the woman’s head, and put the offering of memorial in her hands, which is the jealousy offering: and the priest shall have in his hand the bitter water that causeth the curse: 19 And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say unto the woman, If no man hath lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness with another instead of thy husband, be thou free from this bitter water that causeth the curse: 20 But if thou hast gone aside to another instead of thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee beside thine husband: 21 Then the priest shall charge the woman with an oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman, The Lord make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the Lord doth make thy thigh to rot, and thy belly to swell; 22 And this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, to make thy belly swell, and thy thigh to rot: And the woman shall say, Amen, amen. 23 And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot them out with the bitter water. 24 And he shall cause the woman to drink the bitter water that causeth the curse: and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter. 25 Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the woman’s hand, and shall wave the offering before the Lord, and offer it upon the altar: 26 And the priest shall take an handful of the offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water. 27 And when he hath made her to drink the water, then it shall come to pass, that if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall rot: and the woman shall be a curse among her people. 28 And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean, then she shall be free, and shall conceive seed.” (King James Version) (Click here to return to the text.)

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Priestly Service on New Year’s Day 4Q330 (Mishmerot H)

The first portion of the present work records the name of the priestly course serving in the Temple on New Year’s Day. New Year’s Day, according to the Qumran calendars, fell on the first day of Nisan, which equates to about March 20 or 21 in modern terms. This was the day of the vernal equinox. Even the proper day for New Year’s Day was a matter of strife among Second-Temple Jewry, for some held that the year should begin on the first day of Tishri, that is, the seventh month.

The beginning of 1. 2, “in the sixth week,” does not fit the New Year pattern, so additional information must have been included. but we can only guess what it could have been.

[In the third year,] the course of Mijamin serves on the first of the f[irst] month [ . . . ] in the sixth week. In the [fourth] year, [the course of Shecaniah serves on the first of the first month . . . ] 3In the {second year} f[ifth] year, the course of Jeshebeab serves on the [first of the first month . . . ]

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Prayer of Praise 4Q408

The Prayer of Praise appears to begin with a recital of God’s mighty works (II. 2-6a are in the third person) and then to switch to praise in direct address (second person) in I. 6. Lines 8-1 I praise God for creating day and night and the lights to rule them. In this regard the text is similar to other poetic accounts of the heavenly cycles among the scrolls; note for example the Charter of a Jewish Sectarian Association 10:1-2 (text 5) and the Thanksgiving Psalms 20:4-5 (text 3).

Frag. 1 2[ . . . ] to You. Listen t[o all these words . . . ] 3[ . . . ] all of Israel He created together (or for a Yahad)[ . . . ] 4[ . . . ] to all Israel, for You [ . . . ] : 5[ . . . ] all, [to] make His glorious ornaments shine from [His] hol[y] habitat ion [ . . . ] 6a[ . . . ] I am pleased with Him [ . . . ] 6[in all of] Your [jud]gments

You are faithful, [in all] Your wor[d]s, O LORD, righteous in all Your ways.[ . . . ] 7[ . . . ] their [ . . . ] the one who blesses.[ . . . ] strength [ . . . ] to bring out [ . . . ] 5because You created the morning, a sign to reveal the dominion of light as a boundary of the day (?) [ . . . 3 9for their service, to bless Your holy name. You created them because the light is good and L . . . ] in all [ . . . ] ‘¡[ . . . ] because [You] crea[ted] the evening, a sign to reveal the dominion of [darkness . . . ] “[ . . . ] from toil, to bless [Your holy name]. You created them [beca]use [ . . . ]

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Prayer for Intercession

II
LORD, we beseech Thee, do as Thou art, in accordance with the greatness of Thy power,2 Thou Who (of old) didst forgive our fathers, what time they rebelled against Thy word.3 Though Thou wast angry with them, to destroy them,4 yet, through Thy love of them and for Thy Covenant’s sake, Thou didst spare them, in that Moses won clearance of their sin.

So now, we beseech Thee, to the end that Thy great power may be known, and the abundance of Thy mercies also, unto all generations for ever, let Thine anger and Thy wrath be turned away from Thy people Israel, and, besides their sins, remind Thyself also of Thy peculiar favors8 which Thou hast (alway) wrought for us in the sight of the nations, because Thou hast claimed us as Thine own.7

[Vouchsafe, we beseech Thee, to tu]rn us again unto Thee with all our heart and soul,8 and so to plant Thy teaching* in our hearts9 that we depart not from it to right or left, Thou having cured us of madness and blindness and bewilderment of heart.10
.

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*Heb. Torah.
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.
Behold, when (of old) we were sold by our wrong doings,11 even amid our transgressions didst Thou call us12 and didst rescue us from (further) sinning against Thee. (Moreover, Thou didst vouchsafe unto us to know the mysteries of Thy Tru]th13 and to understand the evidences (of Thee), in that Thou didst [gre]at……………………………………………………………
.

III
Behold, all the nations were deemed as naught before Thee, as emptiness and nothingness in Thy presence,14 but us-since we owned ourselves Thine alone,15 and since Thou hadst created us unto Thy glory16-us didst Thou treat as Thy children17 in the sight of the nations, calling Israel, ‘My son, My firstborn’.18 And though Thou didst chastise us, as a man might chastise his son,19 yet didst Thou grant us increase throughout the years of our generations. Thou didst not [abandon us neither suffer] hunger or thirst, plague or sword (to consume us] but didst ever fulfill Thy Covenant (with us).

(So too,) because Thou hadst chosen us for Thine own2O [out of all the peoples of] the earth, therefore although, when Thine anger was kindled, Thou didst pour on us Thy wrath and Thy fiery rage, and cause to cleave unto us21 [all] Thy [plagues and str]okes which Moses had prescribed22 and (likewise) Thy servants the prophets whom Thou didst send to (procla]im unto us the evil which was to befall us in latter times23

–when [our priests (?)] and kings [brake faith with Thee] by taking to wife the daughters of [the heathen],24 thereby [ ] and acting corrupfly25-[yet didst Thou not abjure] Thy Covenant, neither [reject us, to wipe out] the seed of Israel

(Nay,) Thou dost ever deal justly with them that cl[ing unto Thee],26 and dost[ ]

(So too,) because Thou didst love Israel above all peoples, and didst choose the tribe of Judali, [Thou didst set] Thy dwelling [in Zion], [and] a resting-place [for Thy glory] in Jerusa[lem],27 [the city which Thou hadst chos]en out of all the earth, that Thy [name] ‘night abide§ there for ever; and Thou didst also fulfill Thy covenant with David that he should be shepherd, leader o’er Thy people,28 and that (his offspring) should sit alway in Thy presence on the throne of Israel.29 And all the nations beheld Thy glory, ensconced as Thou wast in holiness amid Thy people Israel, and to Thy great name, and brought their tribute of silver and gold and precious stones

together with all the choice things of their lands, to do honor unto Thy people, and unto Zion, Thy holy city, and unto Thy glorious House.80 Nor was adversary there nor misfortune,31
.

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§ Heb. ‘be’.
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but only peace and blessing; men ate and filled themselves and waxed fat82 [ ]

V
(So too,) though they had forsaken that fount of living waters83 [which Thou hadst opened for them for] their [hall]owing, and though they practiced idolatry84 in their land, and their soil was destroyed by their foemen, when, in Thy fiery passion, Thy fury and hot anger [were poured] out, so that it was turned to a wasteland, where no man came nor went,85 yet, despite all of this, Thou didst not reject the seed of Jacob, neither contemn Israel, to make an end of them,86 and abjure Thy Covenant with them. Nay, Thou alone art a living God; and there is none beside Thee. Therefore, remembering the Covenant

by which Thou hadst brought us forth in the sight of the nations,37 Thou didst not then abandon us among those nations, but in all [the] lands whither Thou didst thrust them38 Thou didst still show kindness to Thy people Israel, that they might be minded to return unto Thee and to hearken to Thy voice,39 even to all which Thou hadst commanded through Thy servant Moses, For Thou didst shed Thy holy spirit40 upon us, (so) bringing to us Thy blessings, that we might take thought on Thee when trouble befell us, and murmur our prayers (to Thee) whenso Thy chastisement pressed sore.41 (And troubles indeed have we encountered, [pla]gued and tortured by the fury of oppressors!)42

Moreover, although we, for our part, ‘drove God hard with our wrongdoings, and, with our sins, laid hard service on our Rock’,45 yet, when Thou didst lay service upon us, Thou didst so for our advantage, guiding in the way we should walk.44 [And] though we paid no heed to [Thy word],

[yet didst Thou ]

VI
and, ever true to Thyself, * * [Thou didst ca]st away from us all our transgressions,45 and purge us of our sin.

It is Thou, 0 LORD, (not us), that hast dealt rightly,46 for all these things hast Thou done.47

[Howbeit, now, this day, when our hearts are bowed down,48 have we not paid the price of our own and our fathers’ wrongdoing -the price of our perfidy and of our contrariness?49 For we have not spurned Thy trials, neither have our souls demurred # 50 against Thy strokes, abjuring our Covenant with Thee through all the distress of our souls. (Thou Who hast sent our enemies against us hast Thyself also given us courage!)

Therefore, we beseech Thee, 0 LORD, to the end that we may bear the tale of Thy power to all generations for ever, even as throughout all time Thou hast wrought peculiar favors, so now let Thine anger and Thy wrath be turned away from us,
.

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** Heb. ‘for Thy sake’.
# Heb. ‘felt revulsion’.
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and look Thou on our woe and our trouble and our stress,51 and grant unto Thy people Isra[el in all] the lands, near and far,52 whither [Thou hast thrust them],

yea, unto everyone that is inscribed in the Book of Life, 53 that they may succeed in serving Thee and giving thanks # to [Thy holy name]. [Deliver them also] from all their needs54 [ ]. [But bring Thou Thy retribution on dissemblers(?)] who are causing [Thy people(?)] to stumble55 [ ]

[Blessed be He who ], Who hath delivered us from all distress.

AMEN, [AMEN]

# Or, ‘praise’.

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The Concept of Our Great Power

He who will know our great Power will become invisible, and fire will not be able to consume him. But it will purge and destroy all of your possessions. For everyone in whom my form will appear will be saved, from (the age of) seven days up to one hundred and twenty years. (Those) whom I constrained to gather all that is fallen – and the writings of our great Power, in order that he may inscribe your name in our great light – and their thoughts and their works may be ended, that they may be purged, and be scattered and be destroyed, and be gathered in the place which no one in it sees. But you will see me, and you will prepare your dwelling places in our great Power.

Know how what has departed came to be, in order that you may know how to discern what lives to become: of what appearance that aeon is, or what kind it is, or how it will come to be. Why do you not ask what kind you will become, (or) rather how you came to be?

Discern what size the water is, that it is immeasurable (and) incomprehensible, both its beginning and its end. It supports the earth; it blows in the air where the gods and the angels are. But in him who is exalted above all these there is the fear and the light, and in him are my writings revealed. I have given them as a service to the creation of the physical things, for it is not possible for anyone to stand without that One, nor is it possible for the aeon to live without him. It is he who possesses what is in him by discerning (it) in purity.

Then behold the Spirit and know where he is. He gave himself to men that they may receive life from him every day, since he has his life within him; he gives to them all.

Then the darkness together with Hades took the fire. And he (the darkness) will release from himself what is mine. His eyes were not able to endure my light. After the spirits and the waters moved, the remainder came into being: the whole aeon of the creation, and their . The fire came forth from them and the Power came in the midst of the powers. And the powers desired to see my image. And the soul became its replica.

This is the work that came into being. See what it is like, that before it comes into being it does not see, because the aeon of the flesh came to be in the great bodies. And there were apportioned to them long days in the creation. For when they had polluted themselves and had entered into the flesh, the father of the flesh, the water, avenged himself. For when he had found that Noah was pious (and) worthy – and it is the father of the flesh who holds the angels in subjection. And he (Noah) preached piety for one hundred and twenty years. And no one listened to him. And he made a wooden ark, and whom he had found entered it. And the flood took place.

And thus Noah was saved with his sons. For if indeed the ark had not been meant for man to enter, then the water of the flood would not have come. In this way he intended (and) planned to save the gods and the angels, and the powers, the greatness of all of these, and the and the way of life. And he moves them from the aeon (and) nourishes them in the permanent places. And the judgment of the flesh was unleashed. Only the work of the Power stood up.

Next the psychic aeon. It is a small one, which is mixed with bodies, by begetting in the souls (and) defiling (them). For the first defilement of the creation found strength. And it begot every work: many works of wrath, anger, envy, malice, hatred, slander, contempt and war, lying and evil counsels, sorrows and pleasures, basenesses and defilements, falsehoods and diseases, evil judgments that they decree according to their desires.

Yet you are sleeping, dreaming dreams. Wake up and return, taste and eat the true food! Hand out the word and the water of life! Cease from the evil lusts and desires and (the teachings of) the Anomoeans, evil heresies that have no basis.

And the mother of the fire was impotent. She brought the fire upon the soul and the earth, and she burned all dwellings that are in it. And its shepherd perished. Moreover, when she does not find anything else to burn, she will destroy herself. And it will become incorporeal, without body, and it will burn matter, until it has cleansed everything, – and all wickedness. For when it does not find anything else to burn, it will turn against itself until it has destroyed itself.

Then, in this aeon, which is the psychic one, the man will come into being who knows the great Power. He will receive (me) and he will know me. He will drink from the milk of the mother, in fact. He will speak in parables; he will proclaim the aeon that is to come, just as he spoke in the first aeon of the flesh, as Noah. Now concerning his words, which he uttered, he spoke in all of them, in seventy-two tongues. And he opened the gates of the heavens with his words. And he put to shame the ruler of Hades; he raised the dead, and he destroyed his dominion.

Then a great disturbance took place. The archons raised up their wrath against him. They wanted to hand him over to the ruler of Hades. Then they recognized one of his followers. A fire took hold of his soul. He (Judas?) handed him over, since no one knew him (Jesus?). They acted and seized him. They brought judgment upon themselves. And they delivered him up to the ruler of Hades. And they handed him over to Sasabek for nine bronze coins. He prepared himself to go down and put them to shame. Then the ruler of Hades took him. And he found that the nature of his flesh could not be seized, in order to show it to the archons. But he was saying: “Who is this? What is it? His word has abolished the law of the aeon. He is from the Logos of the power of life.” And he was victorious over the command of the archons, and they were not able by their work to rule over him.

The archons searched after that which had come to pass. They did not know that this is the sign of their dissolution, and (that) it is the change of the aeon. The sun set during the day; that day became dark. The evil spirits were troubled. And after these things he will appear ascending. And the sign of the aeon that is to come will appear. And the aeons will dissolve.

And those who would know these things that were discussed with them, will become blessed. And they will reveal them, and they will become blessed, since they will come to know the truth. For you have found rest in the heavens.

Then many will follow him, and they will labor in their birthplaces. They will go about; they will write down his words according to (their) desire.

Behold, these aeons have passed. What size is the water of the aeon that has dissolved? What dimensions do aeons have? How will men prepare themselves, and how will they be established, and how will they become indestructible aeons?

But at first, after his preaching – it is he who proclaims the second aeon, and the first. And the first aeon perished in the course of time. He made the first aeon, going about in it until it perished, while preaching one hundred and twenty years in number. This is the perfect number that is highly exalted. He made the border of the West desolate, and he destroyed the East. Then your seed and those who wish to follow our great Logos and his proclamation – […]

Then the wrath of the archons burned. They were ashamed of their dissolution. And they fumed and were angry at the life. The cities were ; the mountains dissolve. The archon came, with the archons of the western regions, to the East, i.e., that place where the Logos appeared at first. Then the earth trembled, and the cities were troubled. Moreover, the birds ate and were filled with their dead. The earth mourned together with the inhabited world; they became desolate.

Then when the times were completed, then wickedness arose mightily even until the final end of the Logos. Then the archon of the western regions arose, and from the East he will perform a work, and he will instruct men in his wickedness. And he wants to nullify all teaching, the words of true wisdom, while loving the lying wisdom. For he attacked the old, wishing to introduce wickedness and to put on dignity. He was incapable, because the defilement of his garments is great. Then he became angry. He appeared and desired to go up and to pass up to that place.

Then the appointed time came and drew near. And he changed the commands. Then the time came until the child had grown up. When he had come to his maturity, then the archons sent the imitator to that man in order that they might know our great Power. And they were expecting from him that he would perform for them a sign. And he bore great signs. And he reigned over the whole earth and all those who are under heaven. He placed his throne upon the end of the earth, for “I shall make you god of the world”. He will perform signs and wonders. Then they will turn from me, and they will go astray.

Then those men who will follow after him will introduce circumcision. And he will pronounce judgment upon those who are from the uncircumcision, who are the (true) people. For in fact he sent many preachers beforehand, who preached on his behalf.

When he has completed the established time of the kingdom of the earth, then the cleansing of the souls will come, since wickedness is stronger than you. All the powers of the sea will tremble and dry up, And the firmament will not pour down dew. The springs will cease. The rivers will not flow down to their springs. And the waters of the springs of the earth will cease. Then the depths will be laid bare and they will open. The stars will grow in size, and the sun will cease.

And I shall withdraw with everyone who will know me. And they will enter into the immeasurable light, (where) there is no one of the flesh nor the wantonness of the first to seize them. They will be unhampered (and) holy, since nothing drags them down. I myself protect them, since they have holy garments, which the fire cannot touch, nor darkness nor wind nor a moment, so as to cause one to shut the eyes.

Then he will come to destroy all of them. And they will be chastised until they become pure. Moreover their period, which was given to them to have power, which was apportioned to them, (is) fourteen hundred and sixty years. When the fire has consumed them all, and when it does not find anything else to burn, then it will perish by its own hand. Then the […] will be completed […] the second power […] the mercy will come […] through wisdom […]. Then the firmaments will fall down into the depth. Then the sons of matter will perish; they will not be, henceforth.

Then the souls will appear, who are holy through the light of the Power, who is exalted, above all powers, the immeasurable, the universal one, I and all those who will know me. And they will be in the aeon of beauty of the aeon of judgment, since they are ready in wisdom, having given glory to him who is in the incomprehensible unity; and they see him because of his will, which is in them. And they all have become as reflections in his light. They all have shone, and they have found rest in his rest.

And he will release the souls that are being punished, and they will come to be in purity. And they will see the saints and cry out to them, “Have mercy on us, O Power who art above all powers!” For […] and in the tree of iniquity that exists […] to him their eyes. And they do not seek him because they do not seek us, nor do they believe us, but they acted according to the creation of the archons and its other rulers. But we have acted according to our birth of the flesh, in the creation of the archons, which gives law. We also have come to be in the unchangeable aeon.

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The Giving Up of Pontius Pilate

And the writings having come to the city of the Romans, and having been read to the Cæsar, with not a few standing by, all were astounded, because through the wickedness of Pilate the darkness and the earthquake had come over the whole world. And the Cæsar, filled with rage, sent soldiers, and ordered them to bring Pilate a prisoner.

And when he was brought to the city of the Romans, the Cæsar, hearing that Pilate had arrived, sat in the temple of the gods, in the presence of all the senate, and with all the army, and all the multitude of his power; and he ordered Pilate to stand forward. And the Cæsar says to him: Why have you, O most impious, dared to do such things, having seen so great miracles in that man? By daring to do an evil deed, you have destroyed the whole world.

And Pilate said: O almighty king, I am innocent of these things; but the multitude of the Jews are violent and guilty. And the Cæsar said: And who are they? Pilate says: Herod, Archelaus, Philip, Annas and Caiaphas, and all the multitude of the Jews. The Cæsar says: For what reason did you follow out their counsel? And Pilate says: Their nation is rebellious and insubmissive, not submitting themselves to your power. And the Cæsar said: When they delivered him to you, you ought to have made him secure, and to have sent him to me, and not to have obeyed them in crucifying such a man, righteous as he was, and one that did such good miracles, as you have said in your report. For from such miracles Jesus was manifestly the Christ, the King of the Jews.

And as the Cæsar was thus speaking, when he named the name of Christ, all the multitude of the gods fell down in a body, and became as dust, where the Cæsar was sitting with the senate. And the people standing beside the Cæsar all began to tremble, on account of the speaking of the word, and the fall of their gods; and being seized with terror, they all went away, each to his own house, wondering at what had happened. And the Cæsar ordered Pilate to be kept in security, in order that he might know the truth about Jesus.

And on the following day, the Cæsar, sitting in the Capitol with all the senate, tried again to question Pilate. And the Cæsar says: Tell the truth, O most impious, because through your impious action which you have perpetrated against Jesus, even here the doing of your wicked deeds has been shown by the gods having been cast down. Say, then, who is he that has been crucified; because even his name has destroyed all the gods? Pilate said: And indeed the records of him are true; for assuredly I myself was persuaded from his works that he was greater than all the gods whom we worship. And the Cæsar said: For what reason, then, did you bring against him such audacity and such doings, if you were not ignorant of him, and altogether devising mischief against my kingdom? Pilate said: On account of the wickedness and rebellion of the lawless and ungodly Jews, I did this.

And the Cæsar, being filled with rage, held a council with all his senate and his power, and ordered a decree to be written against the Jews as follows:— To Licianus, the governor of the chief places of the East, greeting. The reckless deed which has been done at the present time by the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the cities of the Jews round about, and their wicked action, has come to my knowledge, that they have forced Pilate to crucify a certain god named Jesus, and on account of this great fault of theirs the world has been darkened and dragged to destruction. Go to them speedily, with a multitude of soldiers, and make them prisoners, in accordance with this decree. Be obedient, and take action against them, and scatter them, and make them slaves among all the nations; and having driven them out of the whole of Judæa, make them the smallest of nations, so that it may not any longer be seen at all, because they are full of wickedness.
And this decree having come into the region of the East, Licianus, obeying from fear of the decree, seized all the nation of the Jews; and those that were left in Judæa he scattered among the nations, and sold for slaves: so that it was known to the Cæsar that these things had been done by Licianus against the Jews in the region of the East; and it pleased him.

And again the Cæsar set himself to question Pilate; and he orders a captain named Albius to cut off Pilate’s head, saying: Just as he laid hands upon the just man named Christ, in like manner also shall he fall, and not find safety.

And Pilate, going away to the place, prayed in silence, saying: Lord, do not destroy me along with the wicked Hebrews, because I would not have laid hands upon You, except for the nation of the lawless Jews, because they were exciting rebellion against me. But You know that I did it in ignorance. Do not then destroy me for this my sin; but remember not evil against me, O Lord, and against Your servant Procla, who is standing with me in this the hour of my death, whom You appointed to prophesy that You should be nailed to the cross. Do not condemn her also in my sin; but pardon us, and make us to be numbered in the portion of Your righteous.

And, behold, when Pilate had finished his prayer, there came a voice out of the heaven, saying: All the generations and families of the nations shall count you blessed, because under you have been fulfilled all those things said about me by the prophets; and you yourself shall be seen as my witness at my second appearing, when I shall judge the twelve tribes of Israel, and those that have not owned my name. And the prefect struck off the head of Pilate; and, behold, an angel of the Lord received it. And his wife Procla, seeing the angel coming and receiving his head, being filled with joy herself also, immediately gave up the ghost, and was buried along with her husband.

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Fragments of Polycrates

Estimated Range of Dating: 185-195 A.D.

Chronological List of Early Christian Writings
Online Text for Fragments of Polycrates

English Translation
Online Resources for Fragments of Polycrates

Wace Introduction
Offline Resources for Fragments of Polycrates

Recommended Books for the Study of Early Christian Writings
Information on Fragments of Polycrates

Polycrates wrote c. 185-195.

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Martyrdom of Polycarp

Estimated Range of Dating: 150-160 A.D.

Chronological List of Early Christian Writings
Online Text for Martyrdom of Polycarp

English Translation by C.H. Hoole
English Translation by J.B. Lightfoot
English Translation by Kirsopp Lake
Roberts-Donaldson English Translation
The Martyrdom of Polycarp
Online Resources for Martyrdom of Polycarp

Kirsopp Lake’s Introduction
Roberts-Donaldson Introduction
Handbook of Patrology: St. Polycarp and the Acts of His Martyrdom
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Polycarp
Offline Resources for Martyrdom of Polycarp

Blomfield Jackson, St. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna (Church History 2001).
C. P. S. Clarke, St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp (Church History 2001).
W. F. Adeney, Ignatius and Polycarp (Church History 2001).
A. F. Muir, Ignatius and Polycarp: Last Links with the Apostolic Age (Church History 2001).
J. Quasten, Didache, the Epistle of Barnabus, the Epistle and Martyrdom of St. Polycarp, the Fragments of Papius, the Epistle of Diogentus (Paulist Press 1985).
Recommended Books for the Study of Early Christian Writings
Information on Martyrdom of Polycarp

Polycarp resided in Asia Minor as bishop of Smyrna and sent an epistle to the Philippians c. 120-140 CE. Polycarp was martyred c. 155 CE.

In Adv. Haer. V.33.4, Irenaeus describes Papias as “the hearer of John, and a companion of Polycarp.”

Irenaeus mentions Polycarp in Adv. Haer., III.3.4.

p>But Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by apostles in Asia, appointed bishop of the Church in Smyrna, whom I also saw in my early youth, for he tarried [on earth] a very long time, and, when a very old man, gloriously and most nobly suffering martyrdom, departed this life, having always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone are true. To these things all the Asiatic Churches testify, as do also those men who have succeeded Polycarp down to the present time,-a man who was of much greater weight, and a more stedfast witness of truth, than Valentinus, and Marcion, and the rest of the heretics. He it was who, coming to Rome in the time of Anicetus caused many to turn away from the aforesaid heretics to the Church of God, proclaiming that he had received this one and sole truth from the apostles,-that, namely, which is handed down by the Church. There are also those who heard from him that John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, “Let us fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within.” And Polycarp himself replied to Marcion, who met him on one occasion, and said, “Dost thou know me? “”I do know thee, the first-born of Satan.” Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, “A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject; knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself.” There is also a very powerful Epistle of Polycarp written to the Philippians, from which those who choose to do so, and are anxious about their salvation, can learn the character of his faith, and the preaching of the truth. Then, again, the Church in Ephesus, founded by Paul, and having John remaining among them permanently until the times of Trajan, is a true witness of the tradition of the apostles.
Irenaeus also mentions Polycarp in his letter to Florinus.

These2 opinions, Florinus, that I may speak in mild terms, are not of sound doctrine; these opinions are not consonant to the Church, and involve their votaries in the utmost impiety; these opinions, even the heretics beyond the Church’s pale have never ventured to broach; these opinions, those presbyters who preceded us, and who were conversant with the apostles, did not hand down to thee. For, while I was yet a boy, I saw thee in Lower Asia with Polycarp, distinguishing thyself in the royal court,3 and endeavouring to gain his approbation. For I have a more vivid recollection of what occurred at that time than of recent events (inasmuch as the experiences of childhood, keeping pace with the growth of the soul, become incorporated with it); so that I can even describe the place where the blessed Polycarp used to sit and discourse-his going out, too, and his coming in-his general mode of life and personal appearance, together with the discourses which he delivered to the people; also how he would speak of his familiar intercourse with John, and with the rest of those who had seen the Lord; and how he would call their words to remembrance. Whatsoever things he had heard from them respecting the Lord, both with regard to His miracles and His teaching, Polycarp having thus received [information] from the eye-witnesses of the Word of life, would recount them all in harmony with the Scriptures. These things, through, God’s mercy which was upon me, I then listened to attentively, and treasured them up not on paper, but in my heart; and I am continually, by God’s grace, revolving these things accurately in my mind. And I can bear witness before God, that if that blessed and apostolical presbyter had heard any such thing, he would have cried out, and stopped his ears, exclaiming as he was wont to do: “O good God, for what times hast Thou reserved me, that I should endure these things? “And he would have fled from the very spot where, sitting or standing, he had heard such words. This fact, too, can be made clear, from his Epistles which he despatched, whether to the neighbouring Churches to confirm them, or to certain of the brethren, admonishing and exhorting them.

Irenaeus also mentions Polycarp in his letter to Pope Victor.

For the controversy is not merely as regards the day, but also as regards the form itself of the fast. For some consider themselves hound to fast one day, others two days, others still more, while others [do so during] forty: the diurnal and the nocturnal hours they measure out together as their [fasting] day. And this variety among the observers [of the fasts] had not its origin in our time, but long before in that of our predecessors, some of whom probably, being not very accurate in their observance of it, handed down to posterity the custom as it had, through simplicity or private fancy, been [introduced among them]. And yet nevertheless all these lived in peace one with another, and we also keep peace together. Thus, in fact, the difference [in observing] the fast establishes the harmony of [our common] faith. And the presbyters preceding Sorer in the government of the Church which thou dost now rule-I mean, Anicetus and Pius, Hyginus and Telesphorus, and Sixtus-did neither themselves observe it [after that fashion], nor permit those with them to do so. Notwithstanding this, those who did not keep [the feast in this way] were peacefully disposed towards those who came to them from other dioceses in which it was [so] observed (although such observance was [felt] in more decided contrariety [as presented] to those who did not fall in with it; and none were ever cast out [of the Church] for this matter. On the contrary, those presbyters who preceded thee, and who did not observe [this custom], sent the Eucharist to those of other dioceses who did observe it. And when the blessed Polycarp was sojourning in Rome in the time of Anicetus, although a slight controversy had arisen among them as to certain other points, they were at once well inclined towards each other [with regard to the matter in hand], not willing that any quarrel should arise between them upon this head. For neither could Anicetus persuade Polycarp to forego the observance [in his own way], inasmuch as these things had been always [so] observed by John the disciple of our Lord, and by other apostles with whom he had been conversant; nor, on the other hand, could Polycarp succeed in persuading Anicetus to keep [the observance in his way], for he maintained that he was bound to adhere to the usage of the presbyters who preceded him. And in this state of affairs they held fellowship with each other; and Anicetus conceded to Polycarp in the Church the celebration of the Eucharist, by way of showing him respect; so that they parted in peace one from the other, maintaining peace with the whole Church, both those who did observe [this custom] and those who did not.

Jerome provides the following summary in Illustrious Men 17.

Polycarp disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained bishop of Smyrna was chief of all Asia, where he saw and had as teachers some of the apostles and of those who had seen the Lord. He, on account of certain questions concerning the day of the Passover, went to Rome in the time of the emperor Antoninus Pins while Anicetus ruled the church in that city. There he led back to the faith many of the believers who had been deceived through the persuasion of Marcion and Valentinus, and when. Marcion met him by chance and said “Do you know us” he replied, “I know the firstborn of the devil.” Afterwards during the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus in the fourth persecution after Nero, in the presence of the proconsul holding court at Smyrna and all the people crying out against him in the Amphitheater, he was burned. He wrote a very valuable Epistle to the Philippians which is read to the present day in the meetings in Asia.

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Polycarp to the Philippians

Estimated Range of Dating: 110-140 A.D.

Chronological List of Early Christian Writings
Online Text for Polycarp to the Philippians

English Translation by J.B. Lightfoot
English Translation by Kirsopp Lake
Roberts-Donaldson English Translation
Greek Text of Polycarp the the Corinthians from J. B. Lightfoot
Online Resources for Polycarp to the Philippians

Kirsopp Lake’s Introduction
Roberts-Donaldson Introduction
Handbook of Patrology: St. Polycarp and the Acts of His Martyrdom
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Polycarp
The Ecole Glossary: Polycarp of Smyrna
Alban Butler: St. Polycarp
Glenn Davis: Polycarp of Smyrna
Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
Offline Resources for Polycarp to the Philippians

Blomfield Jackson, St. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna (Church History 2001)
C. P. S. Clarke, St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp (Church History 2001)
W. F. Adeney, Ignatius and Polycarp (Church History 2001)
A. F. Muir, Ignatius and Polycarp: Last Links with the Apostolic Age (Church History 2001)
J. Quasten, Didache, the Epistle of Barnabus, the Epistle and Martyrdom of St. Polycarp, the Fragments of Papius, the Epistle of Diogentus (Paulist Press 1985)
Recommended Books for the Study of Early Christian Writings
Information on Polycarp to the Philippians

Polycarp resided in Asia Minor as bishop of Smyrna and sent an epistle to the Philippians c. 120-140 CE. Polycarp was martyred c. 155 CE.

In Adv. Haer. V.33.4, Irenaeus describes Papias as “the hearer of John, and a companion of Polycarp.”

Irenaeus mentions Polycarp in Adv. Haer., III.3.4.

But Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by apostles in Asia, appointed bishop of the Church in Smyrna, whom I also saw in my early youth, for he tarried [on earth] a very long time, and, when a very old man, gloriously and most nobly suffering martyrdom, departed this life, having always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone are true. To these things all the Asiatic Churches testify, as do also those men who have succeeded Polycarp down to the present time, a man who was of much greater weight, and a more stedfast witness of truth, than Valentinus, and Marcion, and the rest of the heretics. He it was who, coming to Rome in the time of Anicetus caused many to turn away from the aforesaid heretics to the Church of God, proclaiming that he had received this one and sole truth from the apostles, that, namely, which is handed down by the Church. There are also those who heard from him that John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, “Let us fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within.” And Polycarp himself replied to Marcion, who met him on one occasion, and said, “Dost thou know me? “I do know thee, the first-born of Satan.” Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, “A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject; knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself.” There is also a very powerful Epistle of Polycarp written to the Philippians, from which those who choose to do so, and are anxious about their salvation, can learn the character of his faith, and the preaching of the truth. Then, again, the Church in Ephesus, founded by Paul, and having John remaining among them permanently until the times of Trajan, is a true witness of the tradition of the apostles.

Irenaeus also mentions Polycarp in his letter to Florinus.

These opinions, Florinus, that I may speak in mild terms, are not of sound doctrine; these opinions are not consonant to the Church, and involve their votaries in the utmost impiety; these opinions, even the heretics beyond the Church’s pale have never ventured to broach; these opinions, those presbyters who preceded us, and who were conversant with the apostles, did not hand down to thee. For, while I was yet a boy, I saw thee in Lower Asia with Polycarp, distinguishing thyself in the royal court, and endeavouring to gain his approbation. For I have a more vivid recollection of what occurred at that time than of recent events (inasmuch as the experiences of childhood, keeping pace with the growth of the soul, become incorporated with it); so that I can even describe the place where the blessed Polycarp used to sit and discourse-his going out, too, and his coming in-his general mode of life and personal appearance, together with the discourses which he delivered to the people; also how he would speak of his familiar intercourse with John, and with the rest of those who had seen the Lord; and how he would call their words to remembrance. Whatsoever things he had heard from them respecting the Lord, both with regard to His miracles and His teaching, Polycarp having thus received [information] from the eye-witnesses of the Word of life, would recount them all in harmony with the Scriptures. These things, through, God’s mercy which was upon me, I then listened to attentively, and treasured them up not on paper, but in my heart; and I am continually, by God’s grace, revolving these things accurately in my mind. And I can bear witness before God, that if that blessed and apostolical presbyter had heard any such thing, he would have cried out, and stopped his ears, exclaiming as he was wont to do: “O good God, for what times hast Thou reserved me, that I should endure these things? “And he would have fled from the very spot where, sitting or standing, he had heard such words. This fact, too, can be made clear, from his Epistles which he despatched, whether to the neighbouring Churches to confirm them, or to certain of the brethren, admonishing and exhorting them.

Irenaeus also mentions Polycarp in his letter to Pope Victor.

For the controversy is not merely as regards the day, but also as regards the form itself of the fast. For some consider themselves hound to fast one day, others two days, others still more, while others [do so during] forty: the diurnal and the nocturnal hours they measure out together as their [fasting] day. And this variety among the observers [of the fasts] had not its origin in our time, but long before in that of our predecessors, some of whom probably, being not very accurate in their observance of it, handed down to posterity the custom as it had, through simplicity or private fancy, been [introduced among them]. And yet nevertheless all these lived in peace one with another, and we also keep peace together. Thus, in fact, the difference [in observing] the fast establishes the harmony of [our common] faith. And the presbyters preceding Sorer in the government of the Church which thou dost now rule-I mean, Anicetus and Pius, Hyginus and Telesphorus, and Sixtus-did neither themselves observe it [after that fashion], nor permit those with them to do so. Notwithstanding this, those who did not keep [the feast in this way] were peacefully disposed towards those who came to them from other dioceses in which it was [so] observed (although such observance was [felt] in more decided contrariety [as presented] to those who did not fall in with it; and none were ever cast out [of the Church] for this matter. On the contrary, those presbyters who preceded thee, and who did not observe [this custom], sent the Eucharist to those of other dioceses who did observe it. And when the blessed Polycarp was sojourning in Rome in the time of Anicetus, although a slight controversy had arisen among them as to certain other points, they were at once well inclined towards each other [with regard to the matter in hand], not willing that any quarrel should arise between them upon this head. For neither could Anicetus persuade Polycarp to forego the observance [in his own way], inasmuch as these things had been always [so] observed by John the disciple of our Lord, and by other apostles with whom he had been conversant; nor, on the other hand, could Polycarp succeed in persuading Anicetus to keep [the observance in his way], for he maintained that he was bound to adhere to the usage of the presbyters who preceded him. And in this state of affairs they held fellowship with each other; and Anicetus conceded to Polycarp in the Church the celebration of the Eucharist, by way of showing him respect; so that they parted in peace one from the other, maintaining peace with the whole Church, both those who did observe [this custom] and those who did not.

Jerome provides the following summary in Illustrious Men 17.

Polycarp disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained bishop of Smyrna was chief of all Asia, where he saw and had as teachers some of the apostles and of those who had seen the Lord. He, on account of certain questions concerning the day of the Passover, went to Rome in the time of the emperor Antoninus Pius while Anicetus ruled the church in that city. There he led back to the faith many of the believers who had been deceived through the persuasion of Marcion and Valentinus, and when. Marcion met him by chance and said “Do you know us” he replied, “I know the firstborn of the devil.” Afterwards during the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus in the fourth persecution after Nero, in the presence of the proconsul holding court at Smyrna and all the people crying out against him in the Amphitheater, he was burned. He wrote a very valuable Epistle to the Philippians which is read to the present day in the meetings in Asia.

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Pliny the Younger

Estimated Range of Dating: 111-112 A.D.

Chronological List of Early Christian Writings
Online Text for Pliny the Younger

Pliny the Younger on the Christians
Pliny and the Christians (Latin and English)
Online Resources for Pliny the Younger

Pliny and Trajan on the Christians by Darrell Doughty
Josh McDowell’s “Evidence” for Jesus: Is It Reliable? (On Pliny the Younger by Jeffery Jay Lowder)
Offline Resources for Pliny the Younger

Betty Radice, Letters of the Younger Pliny (Viking Press 1976)
Betty Radice, Pliny Letters and Panegyricus (Harvard Univ Pr 1969)
P.L. Chambers, Pliny the Younger’s Character as Revealed Through His Letters (1998)
Stanley E. Hoffer, The Anxieties of Pliny the Younger (American Philological Association 1999)
Recommended Books for the Study of Early Christian Writings
Information on Pliny the Younger

Pliny the Younger wrote a letter to the emperor in order to find out how to handle the superstition held by Christians.

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